Emergence of abstract rules in the primate brain
论文链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-020-0364-5
背景
抽象能力帮助学习规则,提升认知和决策能力,帮助避免潜在的环境危险,丰富人的社会行为和互动。
人是如何抽象事物,把经验变成有意义的概念的?本文探索这背后的神经机制。进而揭示前额叶皮质对抽象规则的形成(formation)、维护(maintenance)以及修正(revision)上的作用。
好处:通过抽象规则,帮助形成adaptive behaviour
规则的出现是动态多阶段的过程(dynamic multistage processes ),包括rule formation, maintenance and revision
prefrontal cortex (PFC) is heavily involved in the representation and implementation of abstract rules。但只有前额叶皮层的部分区域对学习和实施抽象规则是必要的
结论:我们最终提出了一个统一的框架,将抽象规则的形成和执行与认知控制的神经架构联系起来
key words: rule-guided behaviour
主要工作
1 Rules: definition and classification
具体规则(concrete rules)描绘了对象、事件与行为之间的简单的时空关系。刺激-响应或者刺激-输出关系。
具体的规则是依赖于经验的,通过大量的积极/消极的尝试逐渐强化形成(The formation of concrete rules is experience-dependent)
抽象规则(abstract rules)更加复杂和多样。一个特点是他们可以容易地生成新的示例。可能会要求选择性注意力。可以用在不熟悉的环境中的新刺激上。
抽象规则描绘物体、事件和响应的交互和因果关系。用一刺激,目标不同,得到不同的响应。
Selective attention: Neural mechanisms involved in focusing cognitive resources on task-relevant sensoryperceptual processes and inhibiting goal-irrelevant stimuli to facilitate achieving goals.
2 Concrete and multifaceted categories
- 对环境刺激分类的能力是天生的或者是依赖经验学习到的experience-dependent learning
- Multifaceted categories不取决于单个例子和传感特征,而是使用集成的刺激特征(形状、颜色、声音)。与抽象规则类似,能用于处理新的情况,指导复杂的目标导向的行为
3 Abstract rules in primates
4 Evidence from neuronal recordings
4.1 Matching and non-matching rules
Delayed matching to sample (DMS): 延时匹配规则,给出example和cue,延时一段时间后,选根据cue选择test picture,要选择更example一致的为正确。
Delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS): 延时不匹配规则,给出example和cue,延时一段时间后,选根据cue选择test picture,要选择更example不一致的为正确。
对猕猴的研究发现抽象规则在DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and VLPFC (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)被编码,对人的研究发现只在VLPFC
4.2 Number rules
让猴子忽略物体的外表,只注意数量的关系
顶叶皮层的顶内沟编码数字信息 intraparietal sulcus (IPS) of the parietal cortex encode numerical information
4.3 Flexible shifting between rules
- 规则上的迁移和变换,以及自己探索未知的规则
4.4 Abstract response strategies
- abstract response strategies
- working memory task(Sakai, K. & Passingham, R. E. Prefrontal interactions reflect future task operations. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 75–81 (2003). )
4.5 Interactions of rules and categories
4.6Insight from neuronal recordings
- rule-based action selection
4.7 Evidence from interventional studies
4.8 Stages of abstract rule development
Rule formation
纹状体调制:
- Bunge, S. A. & Wallis, J. D. Neuroscience of RuleGuided Behavior (Oxford Univ. Press, 2008).
- Nieder, A. & Dehaene, S. Representation of number in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 185–208 (2009).
- Sleezer, B. J., Castagno, M. D. & Hayden, B. Y. Rule encoding in orbitofrontal cortex and striatum guides selection. J. Neurosci. 36, 11223–11237 (2016).
- Sleezer, B. J. & Hayden, B. Y. Differential contributions of ventral and dorsal striatum to early and late phases of cognitive set reconfiguration. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 28, 1849–1864 (2016).
- Cools, R., Clark, L. & Robbins, T. W. Differential responses in human striatum and prefrontal cortex to changes in object and rule relevance. J. Neurosci. 24, 1129–1135 (2004).
海马调制:
Zeithamova, D. et al. Brain mechanisms of concept learning. J. Neurosci. 39, 8259–8266 (2019).
Bowman, C. R. & Zeithamova, D. Abstract memory representations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus support concept generalization. J. Neurosci. 38, 2605–2614 (2018).
Murray, E. A. & Wise, S. P. Role of the hippocampus plus subjacent cortex but not amygdala in visuomotor conditional learning in rhesus monkeys. Behav. Neurosci. 110, 1261–1270 (1996).
Orbach, J., Milner, B. & Rasmussen, T. Learning and retention in monkeys after amygdala–hippocampus resection. Arch. Neurol. 3, 230–251 (1960).
Owen, A. M., Roberts, A. C., Polkey, C. E., Sahakian, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 29, 993–1006 (1991).
抽象规则的学习是依赖于海马和底层皮质。一旦学会动作,基于规则的任务随后的表现成为独立的内侧颞叶。PFC区域和纹状体之间的连接被认为形成了几个互补的并行网络,从而促进了通过反复试验学习规则所需的相互信息交换。
慢的和目标导向的学习是在大FPC完成的,而快的和强化导向的学习发生在纹状体 (Seger, C. A. & Miller, E. K. Category learning in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 33, 203–219 (2010) )
Rule storage and retrieval
Rule-guided behaviour
总结
这是一篇综述文章,介绍的工作比较偏神经科学的研究。本文介绍了与抽象规则相关的背景、定义、神经基础,主要在PFC附近,这部分不熟悉,以后可以继续调研看看。
有几个关键词可以再去检索一下,看看有没有合适的文章。